Understanding Elbow Dysplasia in Dogs: How You Can Help Your Dog Live Comfortably

Elbow dysplasia is one of the most common causes of front limb lameness in dogs, especially in young, growing large-breed dogs. But what exactly is it — and what can you do if your dog is diagnosed?

Let’s break it down in simple terms.

What Is Elbow Dysplasia?

Elbow dysplasia is a developmental condition that affects the elbow joint — specifically the way the bones in the joint grow and fit together. The elbow is a complex joint made up of three bones: the humerus (upper arm), the radius, and the ulna (forearm). If these bones don’t grow at the same rate or align properly, it causes uneven weight distribution and abnormal joint movement, leading to damage, pain, and arthritis over time.

Elbow dysplasia is not just one problem — it's a group of related issues that may include:

• Fragmented coronoid process (FCP)

• Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD)

• Ununited anconeal process (UAP)

• Joint incongruity (bones don’t fit together perfectly)

Image by British Veterinary Association

Image by British Veterinary Association

Which Dogs Are at Risk?

Elbow dysplasia is hereditary, meaning it’s often passed down through genetics. That’s why certain breeds are more prone to developing it.

Breeds commonly affected include:

• Labrador Retrievers

• Golden Retrievers

• German Shepherds

• Rottweilers

• Bernese Mountain Dogs

• Newfoundlands

• English Bulldogs

• Basset Hounds

It’s usually diagnosed between 5 and 18 months of age, but it can also affect adult or senior dogs.

Clinical Signs to Look For

Signs can be subtle at first but usually become more noticeable over time. You might notice:

• Limping in one or both front legs (especially after exercise)

• Stiffness when getting up from rest

• Reluctance to play, run, or jump down

• Swelling or thickening around the elbow

• Pain when the leg is touched or moved

• Decreased range of motion in the elbow joint

These signs can be intermittent or constant, and they may worsen with activity or cold weather.

Treatment Options

There are two main approaches to managing elbow dysplasia: surgical and conservative (non-surgical) treatment. The right option depends on the severity of the condition, the dog’s age, activity level, and overall health.

Surgical Options

Surgery is often recommended for young dogs with loose bone fragments, or cartilage damage. Surgery aims to slow down the progression of arthritis, relieve pain, and improve function.

Conservative (Non-Surgical) Management

Conservative treatment is often recommended when:

• The dog is older and surgery is too risky

• Arthritis is present but surgery won’t offer much benefit

• The condition is mild to moderate

• Owners prefer a non-invasive, cost-effective approach

The goals of conservative management are to:

• Reduce pain and inflammation

• Preserve joint range of motion

• Slow the progression of arthritis

• Improve the dog’s strength, mobility, and quality of life

How Veterinary Physiotherapy Helps

Veterinary Physiotherapy focuses on a gentle, holistic, non-invasive approach that targets the dog’s pain, movement, and strength.

A veterinary physiotherapist can help with:

• Manual therapy to relieve muscle tightness and improve joint mobility

• Laser therapy or PEMF to reduce inflammation and pain

• Tailored rehabilitation exercises to strengthen the muscles around the elbow, shoulder, and core

• Advice on home modifications (like ramps, non-slip flooring, and raised bowls)

• Guidance on weight management — extra weight puts more strain on the joints

Every dog is different, so treatment is tailored to their specific needs and progress.

What You Can Do as a Dog Owner 🧡

You are a key part of your dog’s success! If your dog has elbow dysplasia:

• Follow your vet and physio's recommendations closely

• Stick to a regular exercise plan (too much or too little can both cause problems)

• Make your home safer and more comfortable for your dog

• Keep them lean — excess weight makes joint pain worse

• Watch for signs of discomfort and act early

If you have more questions or want to know how physiotherapy can help your dog? Reach out — I’m here to help.